Best AI Tools for Developers
Ship more code, write less boilerplate.
The best AI tools for developers — coding assistants, agents, code review, testing, and deployment software that speeds up how you build and ship.
- 151
0Premier Boilerplates & Starter Kits for Developers Start Building with Ready-Made Templates and Grow Your Business Faster.
- 152
0Low Code Platforms Directory is a trusted tool for exploring solutions designed to lower development barriers and enhance productivity. The directory includes robust filtering for automation pipelines, AI modeling features, CRM modules, industry-specific templates, and integration stacks. By centralizing this information, it gives teams a clearer view of how each platform performs under real-world conditions. Whether your focus is innovation speed, cost reduction, or operational efficiency, the directory equips you with the knowledge needed to choose the ideal platform.
- 153
0Low Code Platforms Directory is a trusted tool for exploring solutions designed to lower development barriers and enhance productivity. The directory includes robust filtering for automation pipelines, AI modeling features, CRM modules, industry-specific templates, and integration stacks. By centralizing this information, it gives teams a clearer view of how each platform performs under real-world conditions. Whether your focus is innovation speed, cost reduction, or operational efficiency, the directory equips you with the knowledge needed to choose the ideal platform.
- 154
0Veezee gives AI agents live, structured access to LinkedIn, Reddit, and X, the three platforms that matter most for research but lock agents out. 17 tools over MCP, REST, CLI or SDK: * LinkedIn people search, profile and company enrichment, and posts * Reddit discussion search, subreddit feeds, and comment threads * X profiles, tweets, and keyword search for volume and recency. Copy-paste to your agent: https://veezee.io/agent-setup/prompt.md No human in the loop needed to start. 200 free credits per IP per day, no account, no card. Paid packs from $20. Built for builders doing market research, lead enrichment, recruiting, brand and community monitoring. Works with Claude, Codex, Hermes, OpenClaw or any other agent.
- 155
0qtrl is a modern quality assurance platform designed to help teams start smarter, scale confidently, and optimize testing with the power of AI—without sacrificing control. Positioned between the limitations of manual testing and the rigidity of traditional automation, qtrl introduces a progressive approach to QA that evolves with your team’s maturity and needs. Many QA teams today feel trapped between extremes. Manual testing offers control but struggles to scale. Conventional automation frameworks promise speed, yet they are often brittle, expensive to maintain, and heavily dependent on specialized engineering resources. On the other end of the spectrum, fully autonomous AI testing solutions can feel opaque and unpredictable, forcing teams to relinquish oversight in exchange for efficiency. qtrl rejects this false choice. Instead, it delivers a balanced, transparent system where autonomy is earned gradually and governed intentionally. At its core, qtrl unifies test management, automation, and AI-driven execution into a single cohesive platform. Teams can begin by writing high-level test instructions—no complex scripting or automation required—and immediately generate value from day one. As confidence grows, automation can be introduced progressively. AI-generated test cases can be reviewed, refined, and approved at every step, ensuring that humans remain in control of quality standards. The platform includes enterprise-grade test management capabilities, with centralized test cases, plans, and execution histories. Full traceability and audit trails make it suitable for organizations that require compliance and documentation. Both manual and automated workflows coexist seamlessly, allowing teams to modernize at their own pace rather than through disruptive overhauls. qtrl’s Autonomous QA Agents operate within clearly defined boundaries. They execute instructions on demand or continuously, run across multiple environments, and adhere strictly to permissioned autonomy levels. Unlike simulation-based tools, qtrl performs real browser execution, providing accurate, production-like validation. Importantly, secrets and sensitive data remain encrypted and are never exposed to AI agents. The platform’s Adaptive Memory system builds a living knowledge base of your application. It learns from exploratory testing, execution patterns, and issue history to generate smarter, context-aware test suggestions. Over time, this continuous learning loop increases coverage and improves efficiency without hidden automation or black-box decisions. qtrl also integrates into real-world development workflows. It connects with requirements management systems, supports CI/CD pipelines, and delivers continuous feedback throughout the software lifecycle. Multi-environment execution enables testing across development, staging, and production with per-environment variables and consistent configurations. Governance is built by design. There are no forced AI-first workflows, no sudden loss of control, and no opaque decision-making processes. Teams decide what runs, what changes, and what scales. Autonomy increases only when the organization is ready. Built for product-led engineering teams, scaling QA departments, and enterprises modernizing legacy processes, qtrl empowers organizations to scale quality step by step. It is not hype-driven automation—it is structured, transparent progression toward intelligent, controlled QA at scale.
- 156
0Looking to implement structured data and don't know where to start? Google has excellent docs that explain what kind of structured data you need to provide to get certain types of search results. Bredcrumbs, articles, carousels, courses, reviews, FAQs, products, recipes and more - it's all covered there!
- 157
0Spanlens is an open-source (MIT) LLM observability platform that lets developers monitor every call their application makes to OpenAI, Anthropic, Gemini, Mistral, OpenRouter, Azure OpenAI, or a local Ollama model. Integration takes one line: swap your client's baseURL to the Spanlens proxy, or run "npx @spanlens/cli init" and the wizard rewrites your code automatically. From that moment, every request is recorded with its model, token counts, latency, cost, and full prompt and response body, with streaming responses reconstructed automatically. The dashboard turns that raw log into operational insight. Cost tracking breaks spend down per request, per model, and per end user, and parses prompt-cache tokens separately so you see real cache savings rather than sticker price. Agent tracing visualizes multi-step workflows as Gantt waterfalls and node-and-edge graphs, highlighting the critical path so you can find the slowest dependency chain in a fan-out. Anomaly detection flags 3-sigma deviations in latency, cost, or error rate against a rolling 7-day baseline with root-cause hints. Alerts on budget, error rate, and p95 latency are delivered to Email, Slack, or Discord. Spanlens goes beyond passive logging. A regex-based PII and prompt-injection scanner inspects request and response bodies and can block injections at the proxy. The savings engine spots calls that match a cheaper model's profile (for example, a gpt-4o call that looks like a classification task) and estimates the monthly saving from switching. Prompt versioning with A/B experiments compares versions on latency, cost, and error rate using Welch's t-test for statistical significance, and an LLM-as-judge evaluation framework (judge with OpenAI, Anthropic, or Gemini) scores outputs against rubric anchors, with human agreement measured by Pearson r or Cohen's kappa. Reusable datasets power offline evals and regression checks.
- 158
0The Mega Tools is a comprehensive directory of high-impact software and AI tools built to supercharge productivity, creativity, and innovation. From powerful no-code platforms and AI image editors to finance, marketing, and automation tools, this platform gives you access to top-tier solutions across industries. Whether you're launching a startup, managing a business, or exploring creative projects, The Mega Tools helps you discover and leverage the right tools to unlock your full potential.
- 159
0Totalum lets you add an AI app builder to your own product, without building one yourself. Here is the idea. Your users type what they want in plain English. Totalum writes the app, sets up the database, puts it online and keeps it running. All of this happens behind your brand, on your domain. Your users never see the name Totalum. You connect to it with one HTTP API call. There is no SDK to install, no framework to switch to and nothing to migrate. If your programming language can make a web request, it can run an AI app builder. Most teams are live in about five minutes. What your users get is a real app, not a demo. Every project is a full Next.js and React website with working sign-up and login, a real database, and pages that load fast and rank well on Google. You can add any npm package. And the code stays theirs: each project can sync to a GitHub repository, so nobody is locked in. Everything an app needs afterwards is included: - Database created and updated automatically - Hosting and deploys, with version history and one-click undo - File uploads and storage - Sending emails - Built-in AI, so the apps your users build can call AI models and generate images - Custom domains with SSL - Logs and analytics You never open Cloudflare, run a server, or need a DevOps person. Totalum runs all of it for you. It works for AI coding agents too. Claude, Cursor and Codex can call the Totalum API directly, and there is an MCP server if you use one. And if you would rather not build the interface at all, we publish a complete AI app builder as open source on GitHub. Clone it, add your logo and your API key, and it is your product today. Reselling is built in. Each of your customers gets their own separate project, and one account can hold millions of them. You can set a monthly spending cap per project and watch spending in real time, so your margins stay predictable.
- 160
0BEON.tech connects U.S. companies with the top 1% of software engineers in Latin America—AI-savvy, English-fluent, and fully aligned with U.S. time zones. These developers don’t just code; they solve real business problems using advanced AI tools to deliver faster, smarter, and more scalable solutions. With over 100 successful partnerships, BEON.tech has earned the #1 spot in Clutch’s Global Staff Augmentation ranking and is recognized as a Great Place to Work for Millennials.
- 161
0Discover a world of AI tools, models, datasets, and hardware. Enjoy free submissions for AI products, explore curated AI lists tailored to your interests, and create a professional AI profile. Altern is not merely a directory; it’s a thriving community centered on the ever-evolving world of AI. Whether you’re a veteran AI researcher, a budding programmer, or simply someone curious about the technological future, Altern has something to offer you.
- 162
0CloudBurn is for teams using Terraform or AWS CDK who want to prevent expensive infrastructure mistakes before they reach production. Most teams discover AWS cost problems weeks later on their bill, after the infrastructure is already running and the money is spent. CloudBurn changes this by showing AWS costs during code review, when changes are easy to make. Here's how it works: 1. A developer opens a pull request with infrastructure changes (Terraform or AWS CDK). 2. CloudBurn automatically analyzes the changes using real-time AWS pricing. 3. A cost report appears in your PR, showing exactly what each change will cost per month. 4. Your team discusses costs during code review and adjusts before deployment. What you get: - Automatic cost analysis on every infrastructure PR - Real-time AWS pricing for your specific region - Resource-level breakdown showing old vs. new monthly costs Stop optimizing reactively. Catch costly decisions during code review when they're easy to fix.
- 163
0Tool Journey is your trusted guide to discovering powerful software that enhances productivity and supports your goals—whether you're building a business, launching a side project, or automating your daily tasks. With hundreds of AI-powered tools and SaaS solutions organized across dozens of categories, Tool Journey helps you quickly find exactly what you need—from design and marketing to health, education, and development. Explore curated tools, discover the latest innovations, and browse by category or keyword. With clean navigation, honest summaries, and a constantly expanding library, Tool Journey is more than a directory—it's your roadmap to working smarter and achieving more. Founders, creators, and professionals: this is your journey. Let’s find the right tools together.
- 164
0PrivateClawd is a platform for deploying and managing private OpenClaw AI agents in the cloud. Instead of running AI agents locally or managing complex infrastructure, PrivateClawd lets users launch autonomous agents in under a minute. Each agent runs on its own dedicated virtual machine and operates independently with full browser access, code execution capabilities, and messaging integrations. The platform is designed for founders, developers, marketers, and operators who want AI agents that can perform real tasks continuously without manual supervision. Users can deploy agents through a simple step-by-step wizard. The system handles all infrastructure automatically, including containers, networking, storage, and runtime management. Each agent can be configured with multiple capabilities such as: • Web browsing and automation • Code execution and scripting • Proxy configuration • File workspace and storage • AI model selection PrivateClawd supports multiple leading AI models through OpenRouter, including Claude, GPT, Gemini, DeepSeek, Groq and others. Users can either use platform tokens or bring their own API keys from supported providers. Agents can also connect to communication channels such as Telegram and WhatsApp, allowing users to interact with their AI agents through messaging apps. This makes it possible to run AI assistants, research agents, automation bots, and operational AI workers directly inside chat environments. The platform also includes a skills system with built-in capabilities for tasks such as content creation, SEO, analytics, marketing automation, strategy, and growth experimentation. Users can enable skills during agent creation or add custom ones later. Every agent runs 24/7 on dedicated infrastructure and remains isolated from other users, ensuring privacy and security. Files, configurations, and logs are preserved even when agents are stopped or redeployed. PrivateClawd is built to make autonomous AI agents accessible without requiring DevOps knowledge or infrastructure management. Users can focus on defining tasks and workflows while the platform handles deployment and runtime operations.
- 165
0UseSkill is the AI skills library with 100+ integrations — pre-built workflows that deliver consistent results in 30 seconds, not 30 minutes of prompting. THE PROBLEM: With ChatGPT, you explain tasks repeatedly, copy-paste between apps, and get inconsistent results. THE SOLUTION: Pick a skill. Connect your tools once. Click run. Done. 100+ CONNECTORS INCLUDING: - CRM: Salesforce, HubSpot, Pipedrive, Zoho CRM, Close, Apollo - Productivity: Gmail, Google Sheets, Notion, Slack, Microsoft Teams, Outlook - DevOps: GitHub, Jira, Sentry, PagerDuty, Confluence, Bitbucket - Data: Snowflake, BigQuery, Databricks, Mixpanel, Amplitude, PostHog - Support: Zendesk, Freshdesk, Intercom, ServiceNow WHY USESKILL: → 30 seconds to results (not 30 minutes) → Same output every time (tested skills) → Nothing to install (browser-based) → Privacy-first (data never stored) 30200+ skills run weekly. 2,000+ users. Free, no credit card required.
- 166
0Helpmaton is the workspace-based platform to build, manage, and scale AI agents without the chaos. Organize agents into dedicated workspaces with shared knowledge, custom budgets, and team permissions. 🚀 Key Features: • Memory & Docs: Agents learn from chats and your files. • Native Integrations: Google Workspace & Notion (OAuth). • Deployment: Slack/Discord bots. • Multi-Agent: Task delegation & web search. • Flexibility: BYO API keys or use ours. Open-source ready.
- 167
0Cofondr is a service for devepreneurs that takes care of all the boring and routine tasks for you, so you can focus on the important stuff: coding and marketing. It uses the power of both artificial intelligence and human expertise to handle various tasks that would otherwise consume your time and energy. From managing your accounting and organizing business operations to providing customer support on your behalf and handling design needs, Cofondr has got you covered. Cofondr is your go-to tool for streamlining your workflow and freeing you up to focus on what truly matters.
- 168
0OmniRogue is a data privacy–first AI platform that helps teams build, orchestrate, and deploy AI agents to automate real business workflows. It’s designed for organizations that want the power of modern AI without handing over sensitive data or losing operational control. With OmniRogue, you can connect tools, create multi-step agent workflows, and standardize how AI is used across your company—while maintaining privacy, governance, and clear ownership over your data. Whether you’re automating internal processes, customer operations, or knowledge workflows, OmniRogue provides a secure foundation to scale AI responsibly.
- 169
0Click with your keyboard. Have a bad touchpad? Trouble using a mouse? Love keyboard shortcuts? Link Hints is a browser extension that complements the built-in keyboard shortcuts with ones for clicking. Press Alt+J (Ctrl+J on macOS). This makes little yellow boxes with letters, called hints, appear next to links (and other clickable things). Type the letters to click the link. Alternatively, hold Shift and type a bit of the link text. The keyboard shortcuts and hints are fully customizable. Alt+J: Click links, buttons, etc. Alt+K: Open link in new tab. Alt+L: Open link in new tab and switch to it. Alt+Shift+J: Click many things. Alt+Shift+K: Open many links. Alt+Shift+L: Select element.
- 170
0Push My App is an all-in-one app store listing management platform designed to help mobile app developers streamline the process of preparing, optimizing, and submitting applications to both the Apple App Store and Google Play Store. Built specifically for indie developers, startups, and development teams, the platform automates many of the repetitive and time-consuming tasks involved in app store optimization (ASO), asset preparation, compliance validation, and store submission. Its goal is to help developers spend less time managing listings and more time building products. The platform serves as a centralized workspace where developers can manage every aspect of an app release. Instead of switching between multiple tools, spreadsheets, design applications, translation services, and store dashboards, users can handle the entire launch process from a single interface. Push My App supports both iOS and Android applications, providing a unified workflow that keeps metadata, assets, versions, and submission status organized across both ecosystems. One of the platform’s most powerful features is its AI-generated ASO metadata system. App store visibility depends heavily on optimized titles, descriptions, keywords, subtitles, and release notes, but creating this content can take hours of research and writing. Push My App uses artificial intelligence to automatically generate optimized metadata designed to improve discoverability and conversion rates. Developers receive keyword suggestions, store-ready descriptions, and release notes in seconds, allowing them to focus on product development rather than marketing copy. Another major capability is the Pre-Flight Rejection Scanner, which helps developers avoid costly submission delays. Before an application is submitted, the platform scans both the app binary and listing information against more than eighty known Apple and Google rejection criteria. Potential issues such as missing privacy requirements, compliance problems, metadata inconsistencies, or policy violations are identified before submission, giving developers the opportunity to fix problems proactively and increase their chances of approval. The platform also simplifies localization through its App Translator feature. Expanding into international markets often requires translating app listings while maintaining effective keyword optimization for each language. Push My App supports translation into fourteen languages and automatically adjusts keywords for local search behavior. This enables developers to reach global audiences without manually managing separate localization workflows. Visual assets are another area where the platform saves significant time. Through the Screenshot Resizer, developers can upload a single set of screenshots and automatically generate every required device format and store size. Since both Apple and Google require multiple screenshot dimensions for different devices, this feature eliminates repetitive design work and ensures compliance with store specifications. Push My App also includes an App File Scanner that analyzes uploaded application files such as IPA, APK, and AAB packages. The system extracts important information including version numbers, bundle identifiers, icons, and compliance details. This automated validation process reduces manual verification and helps ensure submissions meet platform requirements. A standout feature is Direct Submission, which allows developers to submit applications directly to App Store Connect and Google Play Console from within the platform. Integrated validation checks help identify issues before deployment, while automated status tracking keeps teams informed throughout the review and approval process. This significantly reduces the complexity associated with managing releases across multiple store environments. The platform follows a structured eight-step workflow that guides users through metadata creation, asset preparation, screenshot generation, translations, binary uploads, rejection checks, review previews, and final submission. This organized process helps reduce mistakes and provides developers with a clear roadmap from initial preparation to store publication. Push My App emphasizes measurable productivity gains. Tasks that traditionally require hours of manual work—such as keyword research, metadata writing, screenshot resizing, version tracking, and store uploads—can be completed in minutes or even seconds through automation. By reducing administrative overhead, developers can launch updates more frequently and maintain greater consistency across releases. In addition to its core product, the platform provides educational resources for developers through a growing collection of guides covering topics such as app store optimization, keyword research, app review preparation, and submission best practices. Free ASO utilities are also available, including keyword character counters, screenshot specification tools, and icon resizing tools. Overall, Push My App is a comprehensive app launch and ASO management platform that combines artificial intelligence, automation, localization, compliance checking, asset management, and direct store submission into a single workflow. By simplifying every stage of the app publishing process, it helps developers reduce launch complexity, avoid common submission issues, improve app visibility, and release updates significantly faster across both the Apple App Store and Google Play Store.
- 171
0The Core Tools is your curated gateway to essential productivity software and AI-powered tools that simplify, accelerate, and elevate your daily workflow. Focused on utility and performance, our platform features a handpicked collection of tools across a wide range of categories—from task management and automation to design, SEO, e-commerce, education, and more. Whether you're building a startup, managing a team, or working solo, The Core Tools helps you discover reliable solutions that actually get things done. Browse featured tools, explore by need or category, and find powerful apps that fit right into your stack. Got something great? Submit your own tool and connect with a growing audience of professionals who value clarity, efficiency, and results. No fluff. Just core tools that work.
- 172
0А, чёрт, понял — cowork.ink это свой продукт, не форк OpenClaw. GoGogot — ваш open-source движок. Переписываю: Fast, lightweight AI agent platform — open-source alternative to OpenClaw for $20/mo OpenClaw is cool, but it's heavy, local-only, and eats through your API budget. We built something different. cowork.ink is a fast, lightweight AI agent that runs in the cloud. Real browser, real file system, real code execution — without the setup pain. Powered by our own open-source engine GoGogot, not a fork of anything. Why people pick us over OpenClaw: $20/mo, everything included. All top AI models (Claude, DeepSeek, Gemini) bundled in. No API keys to manage, no token bills, no cost surprises. OpenClaw on your own hardware? That's $1,600+ in month one. Lightweight and fast. No bloated desktop app eating your RAM. Your agent runs on an isolated cloud machine — your laptop stays clean. 60-second deploy. No Mac Mini, no Docker, no config files. Sign up, describe your task, done. Zero maintenance. We handle servers, updates, uptime, model routing. You handle your business. Full agent capabilities: real browser that searches, fills forms, extracts data. Works with any file — CSV, PDF, images, spreadsheets. Sends emails, schedules meetings, writes and runs code. Persistent memory across sessions. Cron-like scheduled tasks that run while you sleep. Built for teams, not just solo use. Admin panel with roles, container isolation, scales to 200 agents per node, 1-minute Kubernetes deployment. Enterprise security without enterprise complexity. 100% open-source. GoGogot is our engine — every line on GitHub. No telemetry, no black boxes. Self-host for free or let us run it for you. 6 ready-made roles: Customer Support, Personal Assistant, Content Writer, Data Analyst, DevOps Engineer, Bookkeeper — pre-configured and ready to go.
- 173
0TrimSheetFast - Fast Game-Ready Trim Sheets In Seconds
game engine compatible software·production-ready softwareTrimSheetFast is an AI-powered trim sheet generator built for modern game development pipelines. It allows game developers, environment artists, and 3D professionals to generate structured, production-ready PBR trim sheets and texture atlases in seconds. Instead of wasting hours building trim sheets manually, TrimSheetFast introduces a trim-first workflow: define regions, describe materials, and instantly generate a clean, consistent atlas ready for modular assets, props, and environment kits. Built for speed, scalability, and real-time production, the platform eliminates repetitive material work while ensuring visual consistency across large asset libraries, critical for AAA games, indie projects, and archviz workflows. Key features: Trim Sheet-First Workflow Build your layout, assign material prompts per region, and generate full trim sheet atlases without UV baking or manual texturing. AI Texture Atlas Generation Generate complete, consistent trim sheet atlases with cohesive materials across all regions in seconds. Production-Ready PBR Maps Export high-quality albedo, normal, roughness, and other PBR maps optimized for real-time rendering and game engines. Built for Game Engines Fully compatible with Unity, Unreal Engine, Blender, and standard 3D pipelines for immediate integration. Fast Iteration at Scale Quickly regenerate and refine trim sheets to match evolving art direction without slowing down production. TrimSheetFast is built for studios and solo creators who need faster asset production, optimized workflows, and scalable material systems without the overhead of traditional texturing tools.
- 174
0Retext is a macOS text expander that simplifies repetitive typing by using AI-driven shortcuts. Unlike traditional expanders, Retext doesn’t require memorizing shortcuts; it intelligently suggests them across any app or browser. Key features include a native macOS design, universal compatibility, and reliable functionality, ensuring it’s always available. By organizing snippets intuitively, Retext boosts productivity, providing users with a seamless typing experience. Whether for professional emails, coding, or customer support, Retext is the ultimate tool to streamline repetitive tasks.
- 175
0Trustiner is your reliable directory for discovering verified AI tools, software, and digital resources. We spotlight only trustworthy, high-quality solutions—so whether you're a creator, entrepreneur, or enterprise, you can build, scale, and innovate with confidence. With dozens of carefully categorized tools in productivity, design, marketing, finance, development, and more, Trustiner removes the guesswork and helps you find the best-fit solution faster. Discover curated AI platforms that have been vetted for performance, usability, and trust. Peace of mind starts here.
Frequently asked questions
The best AI tools for developers include Shipped.club, which helps you launch your startup quickly by providing essential features like authentication and payment processing. GitHub Copilot is another top tool, offering AI-generated code autocompletions that enhance coding efficiency. Prettier is a popular code formatter that ensures consistent code style. ChatGPT is highly regarded for its advanced conversational AI capabilities, making it useful for programming tasks. Other notable mentions are Vectorize.io for optimizing data retrieval and Indie Hacker Stacks for discovering indie products and their software stacks.
Shipped.club is designed to accelerate the startup launch process, allowing developers to ship their SaaS products in days rather than months. It provides a comprehensive suite of tools, including authentication, payment processing, landing page creation, and email drip campaigns, all of which streamline the development process.
GitHub Copilot is an AI-powered coding assistant that offers code autocompletions based on the context of what you're typing. It can suggest entire functions as you start typing, significantly speeding up the coding process and enhancing productivity for developers.
Prettier is an opinionated code formatter that enforces consistent formatting rules across your codebase. It helps maintain code quality by automatically formatting code on save, which reduces the time spent on manual formatting and ensures that all team members adhere to the same style guidelines.
ChatGPT is a versatile AI tool that developers can use for various tasks, including coding assistance, debugging, and generating code snippets. Its conversational capabilities make it easy to interact with, and many users find it invaluable for daily programming tasks, despite occasional inaccuracies.
Vectorize.io is a tool that helps developers turn unstructured data into optimized vector search indexes. This is particularly useful for applications that require retrieval-augmented generation, making it easier to manage and search through large datasets.
Indie Hacker Stacks is a directory that showcases indie products along with their software stacks. It serves as a valuable resource for new makers looking to discover tools used by others in the indie community, and it allows users to publish their own stacks for exposure.